The Effect of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on the Incidence of Colorectal Cancer

Background/Objectives: Chronic inflammation is a key factor in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). When COX-2 levels and PGE₂ production increase, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin (ASA) and selective COX-2 inhibitors, such as celecoxib and rofecoxib, are commonly employed. This paper presents the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs, primarilyNSAIDs, on the incidence of CRC. Methods: A comprehensive literature search (119 articles) was conducted with databases such as PubMed. During our research, we used keywords such as colorectal cancer (CRC), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ASA, COX, precision oncology, and personalized medicine. Results: The development of CRC is primarily associated with chronic inflammation and the actions of COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂), which promote cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Anti-inflammatory drugs act by inhibiting the secretion of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, which leads to reduced PGE₂ production and may limit tumor growth. Aspirin has the best-documented and studied anti-cancer effect; long-term use is associated with a reduced risk of CRC development and mortality through its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects, thereby limiting metastasis. Particularly beneficial effects are observed in patients with mutations in the PIK3CA gene. Factors influencing the effectiveness of CRC treatment include molecular differences and tumor location. Conclusions: The future of CRC treatment and prevention lies in personalized medicine, which accounts for each patient's genetic profile. Decisions regarding NSAIDs use and CRC prevention should consider the potential benefits and risks of side effects.