Exploring Copaiba and Andiroba Oils: A Comprehensive Review of Composition, Physicochemical Properties and...

Background/Objectives: The convergence of traditional medicinal practices in Brazil's vast biodiversity has fueled pharmaceutical interest in advancing plant-derived formulation. Copaiba (Copaifera spp.) and andiroba (Carapa guianensis) are central to both the economic landscape and healing traditions of the Amazon rainforest. Derivatives from these species have diverse applications, with their oils representing important raw materials for therapeutic use. However, the poor aqueous solubility of oils remains a major barrier to developing formulations with optimal bioavailability. Nanotechnology offers a strategic approach to address this limitation, as nanosystems improve stability, solubility, and biological performance. Methods: This narrative review compiles and analyzes contemporary literature on the chemical composition, physicochemical properties, and pharmacological activities of copaiba and andiroba oils, with emphasis on studies involving nanoformulations, aiming to overcome the solubility limitations of these oils. Results: Evidence from the literature indicates that nanoencapsulation enhances the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing activity of the oils' main constituents, such as beta-caryophyllene and limonoids. However, inconsistencies in reported chemical composition and physicochemical properties across studies highlight the lack of standardized characterization and extraction methods, potentially hindering the development of reproducible nanosystems. Conclusions: Nanoencapsulation represents a promising strategy to improve the therapeutic potential of Amazonian oils. Nevertheless, further efforts are required to standardize methodologies and expand clinical studies to confirm the efficacy and safety of nanosystems derived from these natural products.