A Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Biomimetic Adhesive Hydrogel Mediates Immunoregulation to Effectively Prevent...

Background: Intrauterine adhesions, a leading cause of female infertility, frequently recur in 30-62.5% of patients despite hysteroscopic adhesiolysis and adjuvant therapies. Current intrauterine barriers, including injectable hydrogels, often lack sufficient bioactivity and tissue retention, failing to address the underlying pathological inflammation and oxidative stress driving abnormal fibrosis. Methods: Herein, we tailored a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive, mussel-inspired adhesive injectable hydrogel (OHA-CP@TA) to intelligently modulate the inflammatory niche and promote normal endometrial regeneration. OHA-CP@TA was fabricated through Schiff base bonds between oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) and phenylboronic acid-modified carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS-PBA), and boronate ester bonds between CMCS-PBA and tannic acid (TA). Results: OHA-CP@TA exhibited good mechanical strength, injectability, self-healing, and shear-thinning properties, and importantly, robust and stable adhesion to uterine tissue, overcoming endometrial mucus clearance. It also showed favorable in vivo uterine cavity retention for at least 7 days that covered the critical endometrial repair period. Within the postoperative inflammatory milieu, OHA-CP@TA intelligently released TA in a ROS-dependent manner, which effectively scavenged various ROS and significantly alleviated inflammation, and promoted M1 macrophage polarization into M2 phenotype. This targeted ROS scavenging and immunoregulation inhibited endometrium fibrosis progression, evidenced by downregulation of α-SMA and Col-1, and actively promoted endometrial repair and regeneration, demonstrated by enhanced angiogenesis, increased endometrial thickness, and restoration of glandular numbers. Furthermore, OHA-CP@TA exhibited good biocompatibility, in vivo biodegradability and safety. Conclusions: Therefore, OHA-CP@TA represents a promising, clinically translatable strategy for overcoming the limitations of current IUA management.