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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity
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A CXCL10-Expressing Influenza Vector Induces Robust Adaptive Immunity Despite Strong Attenuation.

Olga Ozhereleva1, Alina Mustafaeva1, Anastasia Pulkina1

  • 1Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia.

Pharmaceutics
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Adding CXCL10 to NS1-truncated influenza vectors enhances safety and T-cell responses. This modified virus shows improved protection against influenza challenges while maintaining a strong safety profile.

Keywords:
CXCL10T-cell responseinfluenza A virusviral attenuation

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccine Development

Background:

  • Influenza A viruses with truncated NS1 proteins are attenuated but may still antagonize innate immunity.
  • Strategies incorporating cytokines like IL-2 have improved influenza vector immunogenicity.
  • Further enhancement of these vectors is needed for optimal immune responses and protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer an NS1-truncated influenza virus expressing the chemokine CXCL10.
  • To evaluate the safety, replication, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the CXCL10-expressing vector.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered a PR8-based influenza virus (PR8/NS124) to express CXCL10 from the NS segment.
  • Compared the recombinant virus (NS124_SS_CXCL10) with the parental vector in cell culture and mouse models.
  • Assessed viral replication, innate immune responses, T-cell activation, and protection against influenza challenge.

Main Results:

  • CXCL10 expression severely reduced viral replication in mouse lungs, creating a near-non-replicating phenotype.
  • The CXCL10-expressing vector showed an attenuated phenotype, without weight loss, and altered innate immune signaling.
  • Both intranasal and intraperitoneal immunization induced comparable or enhanced antigen-specific T-cell responses, including effector-memory cells.
  • The CXCL10 vector demonstrated protective efficacy against heterologous H3N2 challenge, similar to the parental vector, with an improved safety profile.

Conclusions:

  • Incorporating CXCL10 into NS1-truncated influenza vectors improves safety and T-cell immunogenicity.
  • CXCL10 enhances the protective efficacy and safety profile of influenza vectors.
  • This strategy holds promise for developing safer and more effective influenza vaccines.