Betulinic Acid Ameliorates T-2 Toxin-Induced Neuroinflammation by Suppressing Oxidative Stress via Regulating...

T-2 toxin is widely present in agricultural products and poses a significant neurotoxicity threat. Betulinic acid (BA), a natural triterpenoid, exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its protective role against T-2 toxin-induced neuroinflammation remains poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying T-2 toxin-induced neurotoxicity and evaluate the therapeutic potential of BA. Our results demonstrated that T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg/bw) exposure caused significant pathological damage in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. T-2 toxin also induced marked oxidative stress, reflected by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. At the inflammatory level, T-2 toxin upregulated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6)) and altered anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression. In addition, T-2 toxin exhibited strong binding affinity for the tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-1 (docking energies of -4.41 and -5.53 kcal/mol, respectively), and molecular dynamics simulations confirmed stable protein-ligand interactions. At the molecular level, T-2 toxin suppressed Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression, increased Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) expression, and activated the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis revealed that BA displayed strong binding affinity to proteins associated with the blood-brain barrier and the Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings indicate that BA mitigates T-2 toxin-induced neuroinflammation through regulating the Nrf2/NLRP3 signaling pathway in mice. Not only do these results clarify a key mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced central nervous system injury, but they also highlight BA as a promising candidate for developing interventions targeting mycotoxin-related neurological disorders.