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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project
06:52

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Published on: November 12, 2009

Efficacy of Virtual Reality-Based Mindfulness Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Sarah Alicia Barker1, Andreas J Miles-Novelo1, Albert Rizzo2

  • 1Psychology Department, Fielding Graduate University, 2020 De La Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA, 93105-3538, United States, 1 800 340 1099.

JMIR XR and Spatial Computing
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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Virtual reality-based mindfulness interventions (VRbMIs) significantly reduce negative affect and boost state mindfulness. While trends suggest improvements in stress and anxiety, more research is needed for conclusive evidence.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Digital Health

Background:

  • Virtual reality-based mindfulness interventions (VRbMIs) show promise for stress and emotion regulation.
  • Existing research presents heterogeneous findings and methodological inconsistencies, hindering cumulative synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the psychological effects of VRbMIs published between 2023 and 2025.
  • To assess methodological quality and outcome consistency across diverse study designs.

Main Methods:

  • A PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic search was conducted across major databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, etc.).
  • Quantitative VRbMIs reporting psychological outcomes were included.
  • Risk of bias was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool; random-effects meta-analyses were performed.
Keywords:
affectmeta-analysismindfulnesspsychologicalstresssystematic reviewvirtual reality–based mindfulness interventions

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project
06:52

The use of Biofeedback in Clinical Virtual Reality: The INTREPID Project

Published on: November 12, 2009

Main Results:

  • VRbMIs significantly reduced negative affect and increased state mindfulness.
  • Effects on depression, stress, and anxiety were small to moderate and nonsignificant.
  • Trait mindfulness showed limited, inconsistent changes; physiological outcomes were promising but inconsistently reported.

Conclusions:

  • VRbMIs offer significant short-term benefits for negative affect and state mindfulness.
  • Trends suggest potential improvements in stress, anxiety, and depression, warranting further investigation.
  • Standardized reporting and rigorous trials are needed to solidify the evidence base for VRbMIs.