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The Role of Lipid Disorders in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Saudis: A Review Perspective
1Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia, ju.edu.sa.
Insights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major concern in Saudi Arabia, with dyslipidemia being a key contributor. This review highlights the need for new treatments targeting HDL-C and triglycerides to combat CVD effectively.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology and Public Health
Background:
- Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death globally and in Saudi Arabia, where they account for 45% of all deaths.
- Dyslipidemia, particularly low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high triglycerides, is a significant contributor to CVD in Saudi Arabia.
- The Saudi population exhibits a unique risk profile including genetic factors, urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and Westernized diets, exacerbating dyslipidemia prevalence.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of lipid disorders, primarily dyslipidemia, in the context of CVD in Saudi Arabia.
- To describe the unique risk factors contributing to dyslipidemia in the Saudi population.
- To identify limitations in current CVD management strategies and propose future directions.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive review of existing literature on dyslipidemia and CVD in Saudi Arabia.
- Analysis of national survey data on dyslipidemia prevalence.
- Synthesis of information on pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment strategies.
Main Results:
- Dyslipidemia prevalence exceeds 50% in Saudi adults and is high in adolescents, with significant regional and gender variations.
- Low HDL-C is the most prevalent and critical lipid abnormality, strongly linked to all-cause and CVD mortality.
- Current treatment strategies primarily focus on lowering LDL-C, necessitating the development of therapies targeting HDL-C and triglycerides.
Conclusions:
- There is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches for dyslipidemia that address low HDL-C and high triglycerides.
- Public health initiatives should include early screening, culturally adapted prevention programs, and genetic risk prediction.
- Large-scale epidemiological studies, national registries, and personalized medicine are crucial for optimizing CVD management in Saudi Arabia and similar transitioning populations.
Abstract:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the main cause of death worldwide and in Saudi Arabia, accounting for about 31% of all deaths globally and 45% of deaths in the Kingdom. The aim of this review was to review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of lipid disorders (mainly dyslipidemia) which are major contributors to CVD in Saudi Arabia. The unique risk profile of the Saudi population with a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (especially low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and high triglycerides), in addition to the genetic factors, urbanization, sedentary lifestyle, and change in diet to a western style has been described. National surveys showed prevalence rates of dyslipidemia > 50% in adults and high prevalence in adolescents with high regional and gender differences. Low HDL-C was the most common and important lipid abnormality, which was significantly related to all-cause and CVD mortality and independently predicts adverse outcomes. This review summarizes the limits of the current treatment strategy that mainly focuses on LDL-C lowering and shows the need for the development of new therapies targeting HDL-C and triglycerides. The public health implications include an increasing economic burden, the need for early screening, culture-adapted prevention programs, and integration of genetic risk prediction. Large-scale epidemiological studies, national registries, and personalized medicine approaches are needed to fill the gaps in knowledge and optimize management. Implementing population-based programs is a must to decrease the burden of CVD and improve the outcome in Saudi Arabia which may be an example for other countries experiencing the same epidemiological transition.
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