Multidimensional structure, measurement of patient capital, and its impact on team innovation performance

This study aims to explore the multidimensional structure of patient capital, develop a standardized measurement tool, and reveal its mechanism of influence on team innovation performance.

Based on classical grounded theory, NVivo 12 software was used to conduct a three-stage coding analysis of qualitative research data. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, a second-order five-factor measurement model of patient capital was established, and its reliability and validity were verified via large‑scale surveys. Finally, a multilevel structural equation model (MSEM) was employed to examine the cross-level mediating role of patient capital in the relationship between transformational leadership and team innovation performance.

Five core dimensions of patient capital were identified: self-control and patience, persistence and resilience, long-term goal drive, emotional intelligence and interpersonal relationships, and adaptability and flexibility. The findings indicate that patient capital plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between transformational leadership and team innovation performance.

The results suggest that transformational leadership contributes to the cultivation of patient capital, which in turn is positively associated with enhanced team innovation performance. This study provides a validated measurement tool for patient capital and reveals its cross‑level mediating mechanism in organizational contexts.