Prevalence and Risk Factors of Anemia Among Ethiopian Cancer Patients Undergoing Treatment: A Systematic Review and...

Anemia is a prevalent but under-recognized cancer complication, particularly in low-resource countries like Ethiopia. It significantly impacts treatment outcomes, fatigue, quality of life, and mortality rates. This review aims to estimate the prevalence of anemia and its risk factors among cancer patients in Ethiopia for clinical decision-making and public health strategies.

This study employed a systematic review and meta-analysis design, sourcing evidence from various electronic databases until August 03, 2025. The data were extracted from June 01 to 30 and analyzed from July 01 to 25, with report generation till August 03, 2025, using R software. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model, with forest plots illustrating pooled prevalence and associated factors. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic, and study quality was evaluated using a validated tool.

Eleven studies involving diverse cancer populations across Ethiopia were included. The pooled prevalence of anemia among cancer patients was 39.5% (95% CI: 26.9%-52.1%). Advanced cancer stage, female sex, older age, poor nutritional status, rural residence, presence of comorbidities, hematologic malignancies, ≥ six cycles of chemotherapy, bone metastasis, and history of bleeding were factors associated with the development of cancer in patients who received treatment.

Anemia is common among Ethiopian cancer patients, driven by both disease- and treatment-related factors. Routine screening and targeted interventions are needed to improve outcomes.