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Sustainable Pd-Catalyzed Aminations "on Dirty Water"
Erfan Oftadeh1, Marco Ortiz1, Kylee Dismuke Rodriguez1
1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA.
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|June 26, 2026
Summary
A novel "on dirty water" method accelerates palladium-catalyzed C─N bond formation using basic KOH/water. This approach simplifies reactions, accommodates diverse functional groups, and enables catalyst recycling for greener chemistry.
Area of Science:
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry
- Catalysis
- Green Chemistry
Background:
- Palladium-catalyzed C─N bond formation is crucial in synthesizing pharmaceuticals and materials.
- Traditional methods often require harsh organic solvents and complex procedures.
- The
- on water
- phenomenon offers a sustainable alternative for chemical reactions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a simplified and efficient method for palladium-catalyzed C─N bond formation.
- To explore the use of a highly basic aqueous medium for amination reactions.
- To assess the scope, functional group tolerance, and recyclability of the developed catalytic system.
Main Methods:
- Utilizing a 30% KOH/water mixture as both solvent and base for palladium-catalyzed amination.
- Investigating the effect of high pH and viscosity on reaction efficiency and substrate scope.
- Comparing the developed method with existing palladium, nickel, and copper-catalyzed amination protocols.
Main Results:
- Rapid C─N bond formation achieved under
- on dirty water
- conditions.
- Broad substrate scope demonstrated, accommodating base-sensitive functional groups like esters and nitriles.
- High efficiency and recyclability of the KOH/water medium, leading to a low E-factor.
Conclusions:
- The
- on dirty water
- approach provides a highly effective and simplified route for palladium-catalyzed amination.
- This method offers significant advantages in terms of sustainability, functional group tolerance, and operational simplicity.
- The developed methodology holds promise for broader applications in synthetic chemistry, including other bond-forming reactions.
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