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Related Concept Videos

Cardiovascular Drugs: Classification based on Therapeutic Indications01:18

Cardiovascular Drugs: Classification based on Therapeutic Indications

Cardiovascular diseases, encompassing a range of conditions, can significantly affect the heart's operations and the overall circulatory system. These conditions impair the heart's ability to pump blood, leading to a deficit in oxygen supply to crucial organs. Anomalies in the heart's electrical system, known as arrhythmias, can cause heartbeats to accelerate or slow down. Usually, heart rates increase during physical activity and decrease while resting or sleeping. However, frequent irregular...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data01:23

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data

A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
Overview of the Cardiovascular System01:14

Overview of the Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system is a vital transportation system in the body. It comprises the heart and blood vessels and facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products.
Heart
The heart is the central pump of the cardiovascular system that circulates blood throughout the body. It comprises two atria receiving the blood and two ventricles pumping blood out of the heart. Their rhythmic contractions, called heartbeats, ensure that blood flow remains continuous.
Blood Vessels
Blood...
Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation01:30

Heart Failure IV: Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation

Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection01:29

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System II: Inspection

Inspection is the initial step in assessing the cardiovascular system. It involves a detailed visual examination that provides crucial information about a patient's circulatory and cardiac health. This systematic process, conducted from head to toe, helps identify signs of cardiovascular conditions by observing physical appearance, skin and mucous membranes, jugular and carotid pulsations, chest symmetry, and the condition of the extremities.
Head and Neck
Regulation of the Cardiovascular System01:27

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System

The regulation of the cardiovascular system allows the body to adapt to various demands and maintain homeostasis.
The regulation of the cardiovascular system involves the autonomic nervous system (ANS), baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors, ensuring that heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately modulated in response to varying physiological demands.
The ANS comprises two main divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system enhances...

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Hydra, a Computer-Based Platform for Aiding Clinicians in Cardiovascular Analysis and Diagnosis
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Navigating Cardiovascular Health Disparities: The Role of Race and Classification.

Eyram Owusu-Sekyere1, Rebecca Jones-Antwi2

  • 1Department of Public Health, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA. Eyram_owususekyere1@baylor.edu.

Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Race and cardiovascular health (CVH) vary significantly based on how race is measured. Discrepancies between self-identified and observed race, especially for White individuals perceived as minorities, are linked to poorer CVH outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Sociology
  • Health Disparities

Background:

  • The relationship between race and cardiovascular health (CVH) is complex and influenced by race as a social construct.
  • Previous research has documented disparities in CVH across racial groups, but the impact of different ways of measuring race remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between multiple dimensions of race (observed race, self-classification, reflected race) and cardiovascular health (CVH) in US adults.
  • To explore the impact of racial divergence, where an individual's self-identified race differs from how they are perceived by others, on CVH.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study utilizing 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data.
  • Independent variables included observed race, racial self-classification, and a divergent race variable. Cardiovascular health (CVH) was assessed using a modified version of the American Heart Association's Life's Essential 8 metrics.
  • Survey-weighted linear and ordered logistic regression models were employed to analyze the data.

Main Results:

  • Asian individuals exhibited the highest mean CVH scores, while American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) and Black/African American (Black) individuals had the lowest.
  • Being observed as Black, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (NHPI), or AIAN was associated with significantly lower CVH scores compared to being observed as White.
  • Racial divergence was linked to lower CVH, with individuals identifying as White but classified as a minority by others showing significantly poorer CVH outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Different dimensions of race are differentially associated with cardiovascular health (CVH).
  • The phenomenon of racial divergence, particularly when an individual identifies as White but is perceived as a minority, is a significant factor associated with poorer CVH.
  • These findings highlight the necessity of a nuanced understanding of racial identity in the assessment and improvement of cardiovascular health (CVH).