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Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
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Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Canine Blood Collection Simulation Models.

Rumeysa Bektaş1, Okan Ekim2

  • 1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Dışkapı, 06110, Ankara, Türkiye.

Journal of Veterinary Medical Education
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel 3D-printed blood collection model (3DBCM) enhances veterinary student training. This cost-effective, durable model improves confidence and understanding of clinical procedures like blood collection.

Keywords:
3D printingblood collectionclinical skillsmedical training modelssimulation-based educationveterinary education

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medical Education
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Simulation

Background:

  • Clinical skills training for veterinary students often involves invasive procedures such as blood collection.
  • Traditional training methods may lack realism, anatomical accuracy, or cost-effectiveness.
  • There is a need for advanced simulation tools to enhance practical skills development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a 3D-printed blood collection model (3DBCM) for veterinary clinical skills training.
  • To assess the anatomical accuracy, durability, and cost-effectiveness of the 3DBCM.
  • To determine the impact of the 3DBCM on student confidence and instructor-perceived understanding.

Main Methods:

  • Computed tomography (CT) image segmentation and 3D model reconstruction.
  • Fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing using thermoplastic polyurethane, with integrated latex tubing and silicone coating.
  • Durability testing (intravenous cannulations), cost analysis, and feedback surveys from veterinary students and instructors.

Main Results:

  • The 3DBCM demonstrated high anatomical accuracy and durability, withstanding approximately 1,280 cannulations.
  • The model was cost-effective compared to commercial alternatives and repairable.
  • Students reported increased confidence (4.47 ± .737) and instructors rated subject understanding highly (4.79 ± .426).

Conclusions:

  • A 3D-printed blood collection model (3DBCM) can be produced with high accuracy and low cost.
  • The 3DBCM significantly enhances veterinary students' confidence and understanding of blood collection procedures.
  • The 3DBCM represents a valuable, ethical, and satisfactory tool for invasive procedure training in veterinary education.