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Related Concept Videos

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...

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Real-Time Void Spot Assay
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Association between urinary bisphenol A and overactive bladder: Evidence from the NHANES 2003-2016.

Zhaowei Zhu1, Yuan Liu1, Liyuan Duan1

  • 1Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Higher urinary Bisphenol A (BPA) levels are linked to increased overactive bladder (OAB) risk in women. This finding suggests reducing BPA exposure may help prevent OAB in this demographic.

Keywords:
AdultsNHANESOveractive bladderRiskUrinary bisphenol A

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Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Published on: August 14, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

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Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
05:25

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Published on: August 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Urology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine disruptor with known effects on urothelial cells.
  • The association between urinary BPA levels and overactive bladder (OAB) remains unclear.
  • OAB is a condition affecting bladder function and lower urinary tract symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between urinary BPA concentrations and OAB in a nationally representative population.
  • To determine if BPA exposure is a risk factor for developing OAB.
  • To explore potential sex-specific differences in this association.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2003-2016.
  • Quantified urinary BPA using HPLC-MS/MS.
  • Diagnosed OAB using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) and analyzed associations with logistic regression models.

Main Results:

  • A cohort of 9143 participants was analyzed, with 19.7% diagnosed with OAB.
  • Elevated urinary BPA was not significantly associated with OAB in the overall cohort.
  • However, logistic regression revealed a significant association between higher BPA tertiles and increased OAB risk specifically in female participants (OR = 1.34, P = 0.02).

Conclusions:

  • Increased urinary BPA exposure is associated with a higher risk of OAB in women.
  • These findings suggest that minimizing BPA exposure could be a strategy for OAB risk reduction in women.
  • Further research is warranted to confirm these findings and explore underlying mechanisms.