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Related Concept Videos

Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration
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Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Published on: November 23, 2019

Four-dimensional on-beam computed tomography reconstruction using projection-difference images.

Joonil Hwang1, Raymond Hyunwoo Moon2, Jihyung Yoon3

  • 1Yonsei Institute for Digital Health, Yonsei University, 50-1, Yonsei-Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea (the Republic of).

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces 4D On-Beam Computed Tomography (4D OBCT) to accurately image tumors during radiation therapy. 4D OBCT provides precise anatomical data during treatment, improving dose verification and adaptation for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
4D CTElectronic portal imaging deviceMonte Carlo simulationOn-beam CT

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3D Imaging of Soft-Tissue Samples using an X-ray Specific Staining Method and Nanoscopic Computed Tomography

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Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration
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High Resolution 3D Imaging of Ex-Vivo Biological Samples by Micro CT

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3D Imaging of Soft-Tissue Samples using an X-ray Specific Staining Method and Nanoscopic Computed Tomography
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3D Imaging of Soft-Tissue Samples using an X-ray Specific Staining Method and Nanoscopic Computed Tomography

Published on: October 24, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy
  • Image Reconstruction

Background:

  • Accurate dose verification in radiotherapy necessitates real-time anatomical data during beam delivery.
  • Conventional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is acquired before treatment, missing intrafractional tumor motion.
  • This limits the precision of delivered dose assessment and adaptive radiotherapy strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a 4D On-Beam Computed Tomography (4D OBCT) framework.
  • To capture dynamic anatomical states of the tumor during irradiation.
  • To enable accurate intrafractional motion assessment for improved radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • A thoracic phantom with simulated tumor motion was used.
  • Megavoltage transmission data were acquired during treatment delivery.
  • 4D OBCT images were reconstructed using transmission data and Monte Carlo simulations, compared against 4D planning CT (pCT) and 4D CBCT.

Main Results:

  • 4D OBCT demonstrated superior accuracy with lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) compared to 4D CBCT in lung and chest wall regions.
  • Dosimetric evaluation showed significantly higher gamma pass rates for 4D OBCT (99.76% at 2%/2mm) versus 4D CBCT (72.50%).
  • The framework successfully reconstructed phase-resolved images reflecting intrafractional motion.

Conclusions:

  • The developed 4D OBCT framework accurately reconstructs images of the target during irradiation.
  • It provides high-resolution, motion-aware volumetric data crucial for radiotherapy.
  • 4D OBCT offers a robust solution for precise post-delivery dosimetric verification and adaptive radiotherapy.