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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...

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Generative Artificial Intelligence for Orthognathic Planning: Patient-Specific 3-Dimensional Jaw Reference Forms

Daeseung Kim1, Su Yang2, Tianshu Kuang3

  • 1Instructor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Academic Institute, Houston, TX.

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery : Official Journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Artificial intelligence (AI) surgical planning demonstrated statistical equivalence to expert surgeon planning in orthognathic surgery. AI-generated plans fall within the natural variation of expert surgical planning.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Artificial Intelligence in Surgery
  • Orthognathic Surgery Planning

Background:

  • Conventional cephalometry has limitations in capturing individual skeletal forms.
  • Patient-specific, anatomically complete reference forms are needed for personalized surgical planning.
  • Existing cephalometric methods may not fully represent complex facial anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare surgical plans generated by a generative artificial intelligence (AI) model with those created by expert surgeons.
  • To validate the efficacy of AI-guided surgical planning against traditional methods.
  • To assess the similarity between AI-generated and surgeon-derived orthognathic surgery plans.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, in-silico validation study using CT/CBCT scans of patients who underwent orthognathic surgery.
  • Surgical plans were created using AI-guided templates and by three expert surgeons independently.
  • Plan similarity was quantified using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and statistical equivalence was tested.

Main Results:

  • The mean Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) between AI-guided and surgeon plans was 0.77 (±0.13), comparable to intersurgeon agreement (0.78 ±0.11).
  • Statistical equivalence was confirmed, with AI-generated plans falling within the range of expert variability (P < .001).
  • The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed no significant difference in plan distributions (P = .6).

Conclusions:

  • AI-guided surgical planning is statistically equivalent to surgeon-generated plans for orthognathic surgery.
  • The AI method produces surgical plans within the natural variability observed among expert surgeons.
  • Generative AI offers a viable tool for personalized and precise orthognathic surgery planning.