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Tools for Surface Treatment of Silicon Planar Intracortical Microelectrodes
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Nanostructured coatings on soft-polymer based neural probes for addressing neuroinflammation.

Mali Ya Mungu Ocoko1, Niveda Kasthuri1, Isabella Lugo1

  • 1Advanced Platform Technology Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, USA.

Acta Biomaterialia
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Combining compliant materials with nanostructured surfaces reduces neuroinflammation for better brain-machine interfaces. This approach enhances tissue integration and promotes the resolution of immune responses over time.

Keywords:
DexamethasoneMechanically-adaptiveNeural interfaceNeuroinflammationPolymer nanocompositeTitania nanotube array

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Implantable Devices

Background:

  • Intracortical microelectrodes (IMEs) are crucial for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) but suffer from limited long-term performance due to neuroinflammation.
  • Strategies like compliant substrates, surface coatings, and drug delivery aim to improve tissue integration and reduce inflammation.
  • A combination of mechanical compliance and nanotextured surfaces with local drug delivery offers a promising approach to mitigate these issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the combined effects of mechanical compliance, nanostructured surfaces, and sustained dexamethasone delivery on neuroinflammation.
  • To compare the inflammatory response to different implant designs, including silicon, polymer nanocomposite (NC), and titania nanotube arrays (TNAs) on NC substrates.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of multi-material implant architectures on tissue-device integration.

Main Methods:

  • Developed dexamethasone-loaded titania nanotube arrays (TNAs) on a mechanically adaptive polymer nanocomposite (NC) substrate.
  • Implanted four types of devices (silicon, NC, TNA-NC Empty, TNA-NC DEX) in a mouse model (n=10 per group).
  • Analyzed neuroinflammatory gene expression using a targeted 154-gene panel at 2 and 4 weeks post-implantation.

Main Results:

  • At 2 weeks, gene expression profiles were similar across all groups, indicating an acute injury response.
  • By 4 weeks, compliant NC-based implants showed fewer differentially expressed neuroinflammatory genes compared to rigid silicon.
  • Unloaded TNA-NC implants demonstrated superior anti-inflammatory effects compared to both NC and dexamethasone-loaded TNA-NC implants, suggesting optimization is needed for drug delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Combining mechanical compliance with titania nanotube arrays synergistically reduces the neuroinflammatory response at 4 weeks post-implantation.
  • Nanostructured surfaces and compliant materials promote tissue repair and developmental pathways, improving implant performance.
  • Multi-material implant designs hold significant potential for developing next-generation neural interfaces with enhanced longevity and biocompatibility.