Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Feasibility of Real-Time Astronaut Eye-Tracking During Analog Extravehicular Activities.

Aerospace medicine and human performance·2026
Same author

Low concentration atropine eye drops and progression of myopia in children: multicentre placebo controlled, double masked, randomised trial in the UK (CHAMP-UK).

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)·2026
Same author

Toward synthetic biology in mushroom-forming Agaricomycete fungi: from tools to applications.

Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR·2026
Same author

Using intersectionality to explore physical activity participation amongst individuals with vision loss from ethnic minority backgrounds in the United Kingdom.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Partial evidence for fine construct validity of a virtual reality batting test for women's pathway cricketers.

Journal of sports sciences·2026
Same author

Professional Golfers' Perceptions of the Interacting Constraints on Putting During Competition.

Perceptual and motor skills·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision
09:29

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Published on: February 11, 2014

Classifying footballers with a visual impairment: The relationship between visual function and technical performance.

Harrison K Leivers1, Peter M Allen2, Matthew A Timmis3

  • 1Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCSES), Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom; Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom.

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new classification system for visually impaired football, based on visual acuity, can better categorize athletes for blind and partially sighted categories. This evidence-based approach improves sport-specific classification for football players with vision impairment.

Keywords:
BlindPara sportPartially sightedSoccerVisual impairment

More Related Videos

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management
12:54

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

Published on: May 5, 2015

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision
09:29

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Published on: February 11, 2014

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management
12:54

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

Published on: May 5, 2015

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

A Gaze-Contingent Display Framework for Perceptual Learning Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Ophthalmology
  • Disability Sports

Background:

  • Current blind and partially sighted football classification relies on general vision impairment definitions.
  • Existing systems do not adequately consider the impact of vision impairment on athletic performance.
  • There is a need for sport-specific, evidence-based classification systems in para-football.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the relationship between specific visual functions and technical performance in football.
  • To generate evidence for developing a sport-specific classification system for visually impaired football.
  • To inform governing bodies on appropriate classification criteria.

Main Methods:

  • An observational study involving 45 footballers with vision impairment.
  • Technical football performance was assessed using a sport-specific test.
  • Visual function was measured via visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual field tests.
  • Statistical analyses included Spearman's correlation and decision tree analyses.

Main Results:

  • Normalized football performance significantly correlated with visual acuity (r=0.635) and contrast sensitivity (r=-0.499).
  • Visual field did not show a significant relationship with performance.
  • A visual acuity threshold of 2.40logMAR emerged as the optimal split for classifying athletes based on their remaining vision for competition.
  • Contrast sensitivity and visual field were insufficient for accurate performance classification in this cohort.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed classification model, using a 2.40logMAR boundary, can differentiate athletes for blind and partially sighted football categories.
  • This approach allows athletes with less severe impairments to compete in blind football.
  • It also helps define the maximum eligible impairment for partially sighted football, ensuring fairer competition.