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The Flexible Sound Source
Jiamiao Li1, Jialin Fan1, Shanmei Li1
1School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 26, 2026
Summary
Flexible sound sources (FSSs) are advancing acoustic devices for integration with complex surfaces. This review explores FSS technologies, fabrication, and challenges for future commercialization.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Acoustics Engineering
- Electronics Engineering
Background:
- Acoustic devices are shifting from rigid to flexible, integrated systems.
- Flexible sound sources (FSSs) are crucial for conformal integration and high acoustic performance.
- Advancements in flexible electronics and electronic skins drive FSS development.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review recent progress in flexible sound source (FSS) technologies.
- To analyze FSS performance improvement strategies based on material innovation and structural engineering.
- To highlight applications and challenges of FSSs for future commercialization.
Main Methods:
- Review of FSS technologies based on thermoacoustic, piezoelectric, electrostatic, and electromagnetic transduction mechanisms.
- Evaluation of material innovation and structural engineering strategies for enhancing sound pressure level, frequency response, and energy conversion efficiency.
- Comprehensive assessment of mainstream FSS fabrication processes.
Main Results:
- Progress in four primary electroacoustic transduction mechanisms for FSSs is summarized.
- Strategies for improving acoustic performance and energy efficiency are identified through material and structural advancements.
- Key applications in wearable communication, medical monitoring, and human-machine interaction are highlighted.
Conclusions:
- Flexible sound sources offer significant potential for advanced acoustic applications.
- Challenges include the efficiency-flexibility paradox, lack of unified standards, and system co-optimization.
- A roadmap is provided for developing commercially viable flexible acoustic systems.
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