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Related Concept Videos

Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
11:27

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

Published on: December 8, 2016

Probing nuclear interactions à la Rutherford: insights on 4He from α scattering.

F Cappuzzello1,2, V Soukeras3,4, S Bacca5,6

  • 1Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Ettore Majorana', Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.

Nature Communications
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear interactions are crucial for atomic nuclei and stars. New 4He scattering data and analysis confirm current nuclear physics models but highlight the need for improved understanding of open quantum systems.

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Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
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Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

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Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures
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Neutron Crystallography Data Collection and Processing for Modelling Hydrogen Atoms in Protein Structures

Published on: December 1, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Nuclear interactions are fundamental to atomic nuclei and stellar evolution.
  • Existing models accurately describe proton-neutron scattering and few-body systems.
  • Recent electron scattering on Helium-4 (⁴He) revealed discrepancies, indicating potential gaps in nuclear phenomenology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the first excited resonant state of the ⁴He nucleus.
  • Clarify the puzzling observations from recent electron scattering experiments.
  • Advance the understanding of nuclear interactions in few-body open quantum systems.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted ⁴He + ⁴He scattering experiments with high sensitivity.
  • Performed state-of-the-art analyses of the spectral line shape.
  • Employed phenomenological reaction modeling using established nuclear densities from electron-scattering studies.

Main Results:

  • The study provides unprecedentedly sensitive data for ⁴He resonance.
  • Analysis of experimental observables offers a reasonable description within current nuclear interaction frameworks.
  • The findings align with existing nuclear physics but point to areas needing refinement.

Conclusions:

  • Current nuclear interaction physics provides a reasonable framework for understanding ⁴He resonance.
  • The study underscores the necessity for enhanced modeling of few-body open quantum systems.
  • Further research is required to fully resolve the observed nuclear phenomenology.