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Exploring the association between breastfeeding and the risk of developing autism spectrum disorders

Rehana Yasmeen1, Farah Mehboob2, Sarah Razaq1

  • 1Armed Forces Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine (AFIRM), Rawalpindi, Pakistan.

JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association
|June 27, 2026
PubMed

Insights

While breastfeeding offers benefits for infant development, its link to reduced autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk is inconclusive. More research is needed in Pakistan to understand this association and inform public health strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Pediatric Nutrition
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a growing global concern, with increasing prevalence noted in Pakistan.
  • While genetics play a role, environmental and early-life factors like infant feeding practices are under investigation.
  • Human breast milk offers crucial nutrients and immune support for infant brain development, yet breastfeeding rates in Pakistan are low.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the existing literature on the potential association between breastfeeding and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
  • To examine epidemiological evidence and underlying biological mechanisms linking breastfeeding and ASD.
  • To highlight the need for further research in Pakistan due to limited data from low- and middle-income countries.

Main Methods:

  • Mini-review of existing scientific literature.
  • Focus on epidemiological studies and biological mechanisms.
  • Analysis of data concerning breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, and ASD risk.

Main Results:

  • Some studies suggest a potential protective effect of breastfeeding against ASD.
  • Evidence remains inconclusive due to methodological variations, recall bias, and cultural factors.
  • There is a significant lack of data from low- and middle-income countries, including Pakistan.

Conclusions:

  • The relationship between breastfeeding and ASD risk requires further investigation.
  • Robust, longitudinal research in Pakistan is crucial to clarify this association.
  • Findings can guide the development of effective, cost-efficient public health strategies in the region.

Keywords:
Autism, Childhood disability, Pakistan, breastfeeding practices, developmental delay, developing countries, LMIC

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