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How Autism and Sex Influence Perspective-Taking in Pragmatic Inferences.

Anna Teresa Porrini¹, Jessica Goulston², Alexandra Perovic³

¹Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), Pavia, Italy.

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

|June 27, 2026

Summary

Autistic adults flexibly interpret scalar implicatures in context, similar to non-autistic peers. Communicative context and sex influence performance, with autistic females using compensatory strategies and males showing more difficulty with speaker perspective.

Keywords:

Autism Perspective-taking Pragmatic inferences Priming Scalar implicatures Sex

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Area of Science:

Psycholinguistics
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Cognitive Science

Background:

Autistic individuals often exhibit challenges with pragmatic language, particularly perspective-taking.
Previous scalar implicature research in autism used artificial contexts, potentially skewing results.
Underrepresentation of females in autism research may obscure sex-based differences in pragmatic abilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate scalar implicature processing in autistic adults within realistic communicative contexts.
To examine the influence of speaker presence and sex on pragmatic inferences in autism.
To address limitations of prior studies by using ecologically valid tasks and balanced sex representation.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 52 autistic and 52 non-autistic adults (sex-balanced) completed an online implicature priming task.
The task involved lexical and ad-hoc scalar implicatures presented via a card-selection game.
Clues were delivered either by a simulated interlocutor or as static on-screen text.

Main Results:

Both autistic and non-autistic adults demonstrated reliable priming effects for scalar implicatures.
Speaker presence modulated performance: autistic males showed reduced implicatures, while autistic females increased them.
Autistic females exhibited longer reaction times despite similar interpretation rates to controls.

Conclusions:

Communicative context and sex significantly impact pragmatic performance in autism.
Autistic females may employ compensatory strategies to achieve similar pragmatic outcomes.
Autistic males appear more sensitive to the cognitive load of inferring speaker intentions.