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Related Concept Videos

Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants01:22

Bone Marrow Sampling and Transplants

Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
The transplant begins with high doses of chemotherapy and radiation treatment, which aim to destroy the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Interphase Fluorescence in situ Hybridization of Bone Marrow Smears of Multiple Myeloma
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Published on: April 15, 2022

Multisite sampling improves consensus cytologic interpretation in bone marrow evaluation of dogs.

Kristi M Smiley1, Michael F Rosser1, Amy N Schnelle1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States.

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
|June 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Single bone marrow (BM) sampling in dogs risks inaccurate diagnoses. Collecting samples from two sites significantly improves the accuracy of cytologic interpretation for diagnosing canine hematologic disease.

Keywords:
canineclinical pathologycytologysampling strategytruth-consistent interpretation

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Published on: March 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Hematology
  • Diagnostic Cytology

Background:

  • Bone marrow evaluation is crucial for diagnosing hematologic disorders in dogs.
  • Current practices often rely on single-site sampling, potentially missing focal bone marrow lesions.
  • This study investigates the diagnostic accuracy of single vs. multiple bone marrow sampling sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the probability of obtaining an unrepresentative cytologic interpretation from single-site bone marrow sampling in dogs.
  • To determine if multi-site sampling improves diagnostic accuracy compared to single-site sampling.
  • To evaluate the impact of sampling site number on the reliability of bone marrow cytology.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, randomized, masked clinical trial involving 16 client-owned dogs with hematologic disease.
  • Four bone marrow aspirates were collected per dog from the proximal humeri and iliac crests.
  • Interpretative concordance was assessed by comparing individual site results with a composite multisite interpretation, accounting for inter-pathologist agreement.

Main Results:

  • Single-site sampling yielded truth-consistent interpretations in 50.0%-81.7% of cases.
  • Sampling two sites significantly improved the probability of a truth-consistent interpretation by 17.2%-23.3% (P < .002).
  • Additional sampling sites (2 or 4) provided only marginal benefits; no single site was superior.

Conclusions:

  • Single bone marrow sampling sites increase the likelihood of unrepresentative cytologic interpretations in dogs.
  • Two-site bone marrow sampling significantly enhances the recovery of truth-consistent interpretations for diagnosing hematologic disease.
  • This improved diagnostic confidence accounts for potential focal disease distribution, leading to more reliable assessments.