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Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Measurement of Healthy and Injured Triceps Surae Morphology
08:48

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Published on: October 27, 2023

Sex differences in hamstring muscle and aponeurosis thickness.

Chrysostomos Sahinis1, Eleftherios Kellis1

  • 1Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.

Journal of Biomechanics
|June 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Males have thicker thigh muscles than females, but similar aponeurosis thickness. This suggests disproportionate growth between muscle and connective tissues, impacting injury prevention and rehabilitation strategies for both sexes.

Keywords:
Biceps femorisFasciaSemitendinosusSexUltrasound

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09:29

Skeletal Muscle Gender Dimorphism from Proteomics

Published on: December 14, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Anatomy
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Sex-related differences in skeletal muscle morphology are well-documented.
  • The role of aponeurosis morphology in modulating muscle function and injury risk is increasingly recognized.
  • Limited research exists on sex-specific differences in hamstring muscle and aponeurosis thickness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex-related differences in the thickness of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles and their superficial and deep aponeuroses.
  • To compare muscle and aponeurosis thickness between the ST and BFlh.
  • To examine sex and inter-muscular differences in muscle-to-aponeurosis ratios.

Main Methods:

  • Forty physically active individuals (20 males, 20 females) participated.
  • Ultrasound imaging was used to measure muscle and aponeurosis thickness at multiple sites along the BFlh and ST.
  • Computational image segmentation and two-way statistical parametric mapping (SPM) were employed for data analysis.

Main Results:

  • No significant sex-related differences were found in superficial or deep aponeurosis thickness for either the ST or BFlh.
  • Males exhibited significantly greater overall muscle thickness compared to females.
  • Males showed higher muscle-to-aponeurosis ratios, particularly in proximal regions, while the ST had greater superficial aponeurosis thickness and lower muscle-to-aponeurosis ratio than the BFlh.

Conclusions:

  • Aponeurosis thickness of the BFlh and ST does not differ significantly between sexes.
  • Greater muscle thickness in males suggests disproportionate scaling between muscle and connective tissues.
  • Findings emphasize the need for sex-specific considerations in designing training, prevention, and rehabilitation programs for hamstring injuries.