Toward molecular and pathology-confirmed completeness in advanced ovarian cancer cytoreduction: Intraoperative...

Residual disease after cytoreductive surgery is a dominant, surgeon-modifiable determinant of outcome in advanced ovarian cancer, yet white-light inspection cannot reliably identify microscopic implants, plaque-like deposits, or therapy-altered fibrotic foci across complex peritoneal surfaces. Intraoperative molecular imaging aims to close this visibility gap by translating tumor-associated biology into real-time signal that can prompt additional resection, direct sampling, and support intraoperative decision-making. Across probe classes, folate receptor-α-targeted agents represent the most clinically mature approach, while activatable tracers and multimodal platforms are expanding capabilities beyond superficial visualization. However, improved detection alone does not establish patient benefit. We therefore frame molecular guidance as a workflow intervention and organize evidence along a clinically oriented hierarchy-lesion detection, decision impact, and patient outcomes-highlighting the need for standardized acquisition/quantification and pathology-linked validation. We propose pragmatic, trial-compatible definitions for pathology-confirmed completeness and prespecified molecular field clearance, and discuss how AI-assisted interpretation, multimodality, and radionuclide-enabled strategies could strengthen reproducibility and extend management toward microscopic residual disease.