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Extracellular Vesicle Tissue Factor Activity Assay

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Small extracellular vesicles-enhanced enzymatic activity for sensitive detection.

Zhiyi Yan¹, Mengjiao Mei¹, Wenchao Geng²

¹College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics

|June 27, 2026

Summary

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Researchers developed enhanced enzyme systems using small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with cytochrome c (Cytc) and quantum dots (QDs). These sEV-based systems show significantly improved catalytic activity for biosensing applications.

Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Nanotechnology
Biosensing

Background:

Developing high-activity natural enzyme and nanozyme catalytic systems is crucial for biosensing.
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) offer a promising platform for enzyme activity regulation due to their biocompatibility and unique membrane structure.

Purpose of the Study:

To construct enhanced enzyme systems by incorporating cytochrome c (Cytc) and quantum dots (QDs) into sEVs.
To evaluate the peroxidase-like activity and detection capabilities of the novel sEV-based nanozyme systems.

Main Methods:

sEVs were utilized to encapsulate or conjugate Cytc and QDs, forming Cytc@sEVs and QDs@sEVs.
The peroxidase-like activity of the modified sEVs was compared to free Cytc and QDs.
The detection limit of the Cytc@sEVs system for sEVs was determined.

Keywords:

Cytochrome c Nanozyme Natural enzyme Quantum dots sEVs

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Main Results:

Cytc@sEVs, CQDs@sEVs, and WQDs@sEVs demonstrated significantly enhanced peroxidase activity (15-fold, 2-fold, and 12-fold, respectively) compared to their free counterparts.
The Cytc@sEVs system achieved a low detection limit of 43 particles/μL for sEVs detection.
sEVs effectively enhanced the catalytic performance of incorporated enzymes and nanozymes.

Conclusions:

The integration of sEVs with enzymes and QDs provides an effective strategy for creating high-performance nanozyme catalytic systems.
This sEV-driven enhancement approach offers a novel route for advancing biosensing technologies.
The developed system shows potential for sensitive detection of extracellular vesicles.