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Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
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Variation in the Association between Frailty and Disability over 10 Years: A Cohort Study.

Akikazu Hagiyama1,2, Toshiharu Mitsuhashi3, Soshi Takao4

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan. hagiyama@s.okayama-u.ac.jp.

Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research
|June 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Frailty consistently increases the risk of disability over 10 years, with the association strongest initially and gradually decreasing. This highlights the importance of addressing frailty in older adults to prevent long-term disability.

Keywords:
AgedFrailtyLongitudinal studiesPersons with disabilities

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Frailty is linked to disability, but its long-term persistence and temporal changes are not well understood.
  • Understanding the longitudinal relationship between frailty and disability is crucial for effective interventions in aging populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the 10-year association between frailty and the incidence of disability.
  • To evaluate how the association between frailty and disability evolves over a decade.

Main Methods:

  • A 10-year cohort study in Japan involving community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older.
  • Frailty assessed via Kihon Checklist; disability defined by new long-term care insurance certification.
  • Marginal structural models with inverse probability weighting used to analyze the association across five 2-year periods.

Main Results:

  • Analysis included 45,291 participants; 17.3% were classified as frail.
  • Frailty was significantly associated with increased disability incidence throughout the 10-year period.
  • The adjusted odds ratio for disability decreased from 2.90 (years 1-2) to 1.58 (years 9-10), indicating a diminishing but persistent association.

Conclusions:

  • Frailty demonstrates a consistent, long-term association with the incidence of disability.
  • The strength of this association is greater in the initial years of follow-up and gradually declines over time.
  • Findings underscore the persistent impact of frailty on disability risk in older adults over a decade.