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Related Concept Videos

Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

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How Deeply Can mRNA Vaccines Affect the Responsiveness to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Through Changes in the Tumor Microenvironment? Evidence from Melanoma.

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Safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and preliminary efficacy from a first-in-human study of volrustomig, a novel PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody.

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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Magnetic Fluorescent Bead-Based Dual-Reporter Flow Analysis of PDL1-Vaxx Peptide Vaccine-Induced Antibody Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction
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Magnetic Fluorescent Bead-Based Dual-Reporter Flow Analysis of PDL1-Vaxx Peptide Vaccine-Induced Antibody Blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 Interaction

Published on: July 7, 2023

Anti-PD-1 Combinations: Triplets and Beyond.

Claudia Trojaniello1, Antonella Lucia Marretta2, Bianca Arianna Facchini2

  • 1Department of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics, Istituto NazionaleTumori -IRCCS Fondazione "G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy. claudia.trojaniello@gmail.com.

Current Oncology Reports
|June 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anti-PD-1 therapy has advanced melanoma treatment, but resistance persists. Combination strategies, including triplet regimens, show promise for overcoming resistance and improving survival in advanced melanoma patients.

Keywords:
Anti-PD-1Combination therapyImmune checkpoint inhibitorsImmunotherapy resistanceMelanoma

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

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Published on: January 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Melanoma Research

Background:

  • Anti-PD-1 therapy has revolutionized advanced melanoma treatment.
  • Primary and acquired resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy limit durable disease control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological rationale and clinical progress of anti-PD-1 combination strategies.
  • To highlight emerging triplet regimens and next-generation immunotherapies for melanoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on anti-PD-1 based combination therapies.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for dual and triplet immunotherapy regimens.

Main Results:

  • Dual checkpoint inhibition (e.g., anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4) improves outcomes but further advances are needed.
  • Triplet combinations demonstrate promising activity and acceptable safety in early trials.
  • Biomarkers and pre-treatment disease control are key outcome determinants.

Conclusions:

  • Anti-PD-1 based triplet therapies offer a promising new frontier for advanced melanoma.
  • Future research must optimize combinations, patient selection, and sequencing for maximum benefit and minimal toxicity.