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The impact of T cell exhaustion in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Yue Li1,2, Huidong Guo3, Yikai Zhang1,4

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Natural Bioactive Molecules and Discovery of Innovative Drugs, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.

Stem Cell Research & Therapy
|June 28, 2026
PubMed

T cell exhaustion is a hallmark of failure to control cancer and chronic infection. In hematological malignancies, T cell exhaustion not only relates to disease progression but also impacts the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), which may be due to a low graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect and a low anti-virus infection capacity. However, a deeper mechanistic understanding of the impact of T cell exhaustion in HSCT remains to be characterized. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of T cell exhaustion, functional alterations in T cells post-transplantation, the role of T cell exhaustion in post-transplant complications, and related therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
Clinical outcomeGraft-versus-host disease (GVHD)Graft-versus-leukemia (GVL)Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)Immune checkpointsT cell exhaustion

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