[Application and perspective of novel auditory intervention paradigms based on verbal and nonverbal stimuli for...

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) often experience disorders of consciousness (DoC) and motor impairments, which pose challenges to the implementation of conventional intervention approaches. As one of the relatively preserved sensory pathways in these patients, the auditory system holds considerable potential for assessing consciousness and facilitating its recovery. Therefore, this review systematically examines the mechanisms of verbal and nonverbal stimuli in consciousness recovery, focusing on analyzing the synergistic effects and limitations of language stimuli in emotional arousal and semantic integration. Based on this, a complementary mechanism leveraging the respective strengths of both approaches has been explored to establish a new intervention paradigm. Furthermore, integrating advancements in brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, it proposes a closed-loop intervention approach that combines multi-type auditory stimuli with real-time neural feedback. This framework emphasizes individual differences and dynamic regulation, providing theoretical foundations and developmental directions for constructing precision-oriented, mechanism-driven auditory intervention paradigms for severe TBI.