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Restriction-Weighted Q-Space Trajectory Imaging (ResQ): Toward Mapping Diffusion-Time Effects With Tensor-Valued

Filip Szczepankiewicz¹, Malwina Molendowska¹, Samo Lasič²

¹Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

NMR in Biomedicine

|June 29, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Tensor-valued diffusion encoding is sensitive to tissue microstructure but affected by diffusion time. Our ResQ framework accounts for these effects, improving MRI parameter interpretation in prostate cancer xenografts.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Imaging
Diffusion MRI
Cancer Research

Background:

Tensor-valued diffusion encoding offers unique tissue microstructure sensitivity.
Diffusion-time dependence can confound interpretation of diffusion MRI parameters.
Understanding diffusion dynamics is crucial for cancer imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

Introduce a novel framework, restriction-weighted q-space trajectory imaging (ResQ), to incorporate diffusion-time effects.
Evaluate ResQ in a longitudinal study of prostate cancer xenografts.
Improve the interpretability of diffusion MRI parameters by accounting for restriction and diffusion time.

Main Methods:

Developed a novel gradient waveform design for tensor-valued encoding with controlled restriction weighting.
Applied four waveforms on a 9.4T preclinical MRI system to prostate cancer xenografts.
Introduced ResQ parameters: mean diffusivity (D), isotropic diffusional variance (V_Di), microscopic diffusion anisotropy (V_Da), and their diffusion-time dependence (ΔD, ΔV_Di, ΔV_Da).

Main Results:

ResQ revealed clear diffusion-time dependence in all tumors, with significant longitudinal differences between treated and untreated groups.
Key parameters showing differences included D, ΔD, and V_Di.
Ignoring diffusion-time dependence in standard q-space trajectory imaging (QTI) led to substantial parameter bias, particularly overestimation of microscopic diffusion anisotropy.

Conclusions:

Diffusion-time effects are significant in prostate cancer and must be considered in tensor-valued diffusion encoding.
The ResQ framework provides controlled restriction weighting and enhanced interpretability of diffusion MRI parameters.
ResQ may enable novel imaging biomarkers for disentangling diffusion properties and their time dependence in cancer.