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Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Adolescent and Adult Mice

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Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Traffic Fatality Rates in the United States, 2005-2024: An Imputation-Based

Jose A Acosta¹, Israel Alvarado²

¹Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University, St. Louis, USA.

|June 29, 2026

Summary

Recreational cannabis legalization is linked to increased traffic fatalities, with a 4.2% rise in the first year and 6.1% by year four. This effect begins with the law change, not retail sales, highlighting the impact of shifting public attitudes on road safety.

Keywords:

cannabis legalization difference-in-differences policy evaluation recreational cannabis road traffic fatalities

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Transportation Safety
Cannabis Policy

Background:

Rapid expansion of recreational cannabis legalization across the US.
Previous studies show mixed results on cannabis legalization and traffic fatalities.
Methodological limitations in prior research include short follow-up, focus on early adopters, and inadequate handling of staggered policy adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the association between recreational cannabis legalization and traffic fatality rates.
To address limitations of previous studies by using a 50-state panel and accounting for staggered policy adoption.

Main Methods:

Utilized a 50-state panel data from 2005-2024.
Employed an imputation-based difference-in-differences estimator suitable for staggered policy adoption.
Controlled for state and year fixed effects, demographic composition, weather, unemployment, traffic safety laws, and COVID-19 mortality.

Main Results:

Traffic fatality rates increased by 4.2% in the legalization year and 6.1% by year four post-legalization.
The increase in traffic fatalities was associated with the legalization date, not the start of retail sales.
Findings were robust across sensitivity analyses, including excluding early adopters, pandemic years, and Florida.

Conclusions:

Recreational cannabis legalization is associated with a rise in traffic deaths within four years of the law taking effect.
The observed increase in traffic fatalities is linked to the policy change itself, suggesting broader societal impacts beyond retail availability.
States should implement proactive traffic safety measures in anticipation of or response to cannabis legalization.