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Related Concept Videos

Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

Protein Transport to the Thylakoids

Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Subcellular Fractionation01:32

Subcellular Fractionation

The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
Differential Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is...
Catenins01:23

Catenins

Catenins are characterized by multiple binding domains and dynamic structures that allow them to function as linker proteins in cell junction complexes. All catenins, except α-catenin, contain a characteristic protein sequence called the armadillo repeat and are therefore also called armadillo proteins.
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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Enriching Subcellular Proteins in Leptospira Using a Triton X-114-Based Fractionation Approach
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Enriching Subcellular Proteins in Leptospira Using a Triton X-114-Based Fractionation Approach

Published on: August 8, 2025

PTEN Subcellular Localization Dictates Function.

Nicole M Desmet, Cheyenne F Griffin, Helena Seo

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 29, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Mutations in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) impact neuronal development and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study shows PTEN

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    Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

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    11:06

    Multi-color Localization Microscopy of Single Membrane Proteins in Organelles of Live Mammalian Cells

    Published on: June 30, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Mutations in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) are linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neuronal hypertrophy.
    • The role of PTEN's subcellular localization in neuronal development is not fully understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how PTEN's subcellular localization influences neuronal morphology in developing neurons.
    • To determine if spatial control of PTEN signaling is critical for neuronal development.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized live imaging of HaloTagged PTEN to observe dynamic localization in neurons.
    • Employed retroviral-mediated genetic manipulation to delete endogenous PTEN and express PTEN variants with specific localization motifs in hippocampal neurons.

    Main Results:

    • Loss of PTEN led to enlarged neurons with more complex dendritic arbors and increased spine density.
    • Nuclear-excluded PTEN fully rescued these PTEN-loss phenotypes.
    • Targeting PTEN to filopodia or postsynaptic densities corrected most abnormalities, while nuclear PTEN only partially rescued phenotypes.

    Conclusions:

    • PTEN acts locally to regulate neuronal growth and connectivity.
    • Spine head size regulation involves PTEN both within and outside the nucleus.
    • Subcellular localization is a key determinant of PTEN function in sculpting neuronal development.