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A Smartphone-Assisted Approach to Formaldehyde Detection Using Diethanolamine-Grafted Carbon Nanoparticles.

Rossella Santonocito¹, Lorenzo Russo¹, Victor Sebastian^2,3,4,5

¹Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, Catania 95125, Italy.

|June 29, 2026

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This summary is machine-generated.

A new sensor using functionalized carbon nanoparticles (CNPs-DEA) detects formaldehyde (FA) gas at 1 ppb. This low-cost, portable device offers reliable air quality monitoring, even in high humidity.

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Materials Science
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Formaldehyde (FA) is a common indoor air pollutant and human carcinogen.
Developing field-deployable sensors for FA monitoring is vital for public safety.
Existing carbon-based sensors face limitations, particularly under humid conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a facile strategy for synthesizing carbon nanoparticles functionalized with diethanolamine (CNPs-DEA) for FA sensing.
To engineer a solid-state strip test integrated with a smartphone readout platform for gaseous FA detection.
To overcome the humidity limitations of conventional carbon-based sensors.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of diethanolamine-functionalized carbon nanoparticles (CNPs-DEA).

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Immobilization of CNPs-DEA on polyamide membranes to create sensor strips.

Integration with a 3D-printed smartphone readout platform for quantitative analysis.

Validation using commercial paint samples.

Main Results:

The CNPs-DEA probe in solution showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 46 ppb for FA.
The solid-state sensor achieved an ultralow LOD of 1 ppb for gaseous FA.
The sensor demonstrated robust performance under saturated humidity conditions.
Successful quantification of FA in commercial paint samples.

Conclusions:

The developed CNPs-DEA platform offers a sensitive, low-cost, and portable solution for FA monitoring.
The sensor overcomes humidity limitations, making it suitable for real-world applications.
This technology serves as an effective early warning tool for air quality assessment.