Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Immunomodulatory Strategies for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is a prevalent, chronic airway inflammatory disorder that poses growing public health, clinical, and socioeconomic challenges on a global scale. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is currently the only etiological therapy that can modify the natural course of allergic rhinitis. However, conventional AIT has limitations such as significant individual differences in efficacy, long treatment duration, and local adverse effects. The above bottlenecks highlight the urgent need to develop precise, efficient, and more secure immune-targeted intervention strategies. In recent years, nanodurgs have opened a new avenue for allergic rhinitis immunotherapy by leveraging unique advantages such as precise drug release control, targeted delivery, and enhanced immunomodulation. This article systematically reviews the recent advances in nanotechnology-based immunotherapeutic strategies for allergic rhinitis, with particular emphasis on two innovative strategies: nanovaccines and nanobodies. We further discusses the utility of diverse nanocarrier platforms, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, and exosomes, which as immunomodulatory adjuvants and precision delivery systems. In addition, we elucidate the design principles and mechanistic underpinnings of intelligent responsive nanosystems, highlighting their potential to concurrently improve therapeutic efficacy and safety through synergistic immunoregulation. Collectively, this review provides a scientific foundation for the future development of novel, clinically translatable interventions for immune-mediated diseases, including allergic rhinitis.