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Changes in bubble-cloud dissolution throughout the application of histotripsy pulses.

Michael Gomez¹, Katia Flores Basterrechea², Muskan Singh²

¹Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

Physical Review Applied

|June 29, 2026

Summary

Histotripsy, a focused ultrasound therapy, uses bubble clouds to break down tissue. This study tracked bubble cloud changes during treatment, finding consistent damage and bubble dissolution in agarose gel but not in water.

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Acoustic Physics
Medical Imaging

Background:

Histotripsy uses focused ultrasound to create bubble clouds for tissue ablation.
Understanding bubble cloud dynamics is crucial for optimizing histotripsy efficacy and safety.
Material damage from cavitation is a key consideration in pressure-field applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between bubble cloud evolution and tissue damage during histotripsy.
To compare bubble cloud behavior in agarose gel versus water under histotripsy exposure.
To correlate acoustic emissions with bubble dynamics and tissue damage.

Main Methods:

Utilized ultrafast ultrasound imaging to track bubble cloud dissolution periods in water and agarose gel.
Quantified the damage area in agarose gel and correlated it with exposure duration.
Employed passive acoustic imaging to monitor acoustic emissions during histotripsy.
Extended a bubble-dynamics model to simulate bubble expansion in agarose gel.

Main Results:

Bubble cloud dissolution period increased in agarose gel, reaching steady-state after approximately 555 pulses.
Damage area and bubble dissolution period in agarose gel showed equivalent changes with exposure duration (p > 0.05).
Acoustic emissions exhibited a different functional form compared to bubble dissolution and damage area.
No significant changes in imaging markers were observed when bubble clouds were generated in water.

Conclusions:

Bubble cloud dynamics and tissue damage in agarose gel exhibit similar trends during histotripsy.
The observed bubble dynamics in agarose gel may differ from model predictions due to complex late-stage behavior.
Histotripsy shows distinct bubble cloud responses in different media, highlighting the importance of material properties.