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Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Understanding Sleep01:11

Understanding Sleep

Sleep, an essential biological state, involves significant reductions in physical activity, sensory awareness, and interaction with the environment. This complex physiological process is primarily regulated by specific brain regions, notably the hypothalamus and pons, which govern the sleep-wake cycle or circadian rhythm.
The circadian rhythm, a nearly 24-hour cycle, is deeply influenced by environmental light cues. Light exposure directly affects the hypothalamus, which in turn regulates...
Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep

Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
08:45

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Published on: January 25, 2016

Rare Coding Variants Reveal Distinct Genetic Architectures Across Multidimensional Sleep Phenotypes.

Yingzhe Zhang, Wenhan Lu, Lovemore Kunorozva

    Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
    |June 29, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Rare genetic variations significantly impact sleep traits, influencing sleep medication use and insomnia. This study identifies new gene targets for developing sleep disorder therapies.

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    Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

    Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
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    Published on: January 25, 2016

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    Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents
    07:33

    Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents

    Published on: April 18, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Genetics
    • Sleep Medicine
    • Pharmacogenomics

    Background:

    • Common genetic variants extensively studied for sleep traits.
    • Contribution of rare coding variation to sleep phenotypes remains largely unknown.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate the role of rare coding variants in diverse sleep phenotypes.
    • Identify novel genes associated with sleep traits and medication use.
    • Explore genetic correlations and temporal expression patterns of sleep-associated genes.

    Main Methods:

    • Whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing data from UK Biobank and All of Us research programs.
    • Meta-analysis of 36 sleep phenotypes including self-report, diagnoses, medication use, and accelerometry.
    • Replication analysis in the Mass General Brigham Biobank.
    • Temporal gene expression trajectory analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Identified 260 genes associated with sleep phenotypes, with 29 novel associations for sleep medication use.
    • Observed significant rare variant heritability for sleep traits.
    • Found strong genetic correlations between sleep medication use, insomnia, and fatigue.
    • Distinct prenatal expression patterns for genes linked to self-reported sleep versus sleep medication use.

    Conclusions:

    • Rare coding variation plays a significant role in sleep phenotypes.
    • Different sleep measurement sources capture distinct biological mechanisms.
    • Identified novel, rare-variant-informed therapeutic targets for sleep disorders.