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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin studies.
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
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Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...

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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
08:29

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

Published on: December 18, 2016

Sarcopenia in cognitive disorders: Toward a shared pathophysiological framework.

Yiming Liu1, Kah Hwei Clarice Chua1, Clement Gwee You Qi1

  • 1Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sarcopenia and cognitive disorders are linked by shared biological pathways. While exercise shows benefits, more research is needed on combined treatments for muscle and brain health.

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
08:29

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans

Published on: December 18, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuroscience
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss) and cognitive disorders frequently co-occur.
  • Shared biological mechanisms include inflammation, vascular issues, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiological trends, mechanistic pathways, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets for sarcopenia and cognitive impairment.
  • To assess the evidence for shared interventions targeting both conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and CENTRAL (2000-2026).
  • Inclusion of 82 studies (54 clinical, 28 intervention) examining sarcopenia and cognitive decline.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data, mechanistic links, biomarkers, and intervention outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Elevated inflammation correlated with poorer mobility and cognition (e.g., Montreal Cognitive Assessment deficits).
  • Muscle characteristics (fat infiltration, temporalis thickness) and energy metabolism (phosphocreatine recovery) linked to cognitive-motor performance and neurodegeneration risk.
  • Blood biomarkers effectively stratified motor-cognitive status.
  • Aerobic/resistance training improved physical and cognitive outcomes; protein and n-3 fatty acids showed supportive but varied effects; vitamin D showed mixed muscle results but lower dementia incidence.

Conclusions:

  • Strong evidence supports bidirectional crosstalk between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment.
  • Intervention evidence for shared pathways is limited, necessitating more dual-outcome trials.
  • Consensus criteria for risk stratification using common biomarkers could improve integrated management.