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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement
10:37

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Published on: September 18, 2021

State-dependent dual-site prefrontal TMS bidirectionally modulates working-memory accuracy.

Jinwen Wei1,2,3, Sida Chen1,2,3, Werner Sommer4,5,6

  • 1Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can enhance working memory (WM) performance, but effects depend on cognitive state. This network-sensitive approach shows promise for cognitive enhancement by considering individual brain states.

Keywords:
Bayesian analysisdorsolateral prefrontal cortexdual-site stimulationmedial prefrontal cortexstate-dependent effectstheta-burst stimulationtranscranial magnetic stimulationworking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Working memory (WM) is crucial for cognition and a target for neuromodulation.
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) show variable WM outcomes.
  • Current methods may not engage distributed brain networks or account for brain states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if dual-site sequential TMS modulates WM performance differently than single-site TMS.
  • To determine if this modulation is state-dependent, considering factors like fatigue.
  • To compare excitatory intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) over left DLPFC with inhibitory continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) over medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC).

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-seven healthy adults participated in a within-subjects design.
  • Participants completed 0-back and 2-back WM tasks.
  • Dual-site (left DLPFC + mPFC) and single-site (DLPFC) TMS protocols were applied.
  • Self-reported fatigue indicated cognitive state.

Main Results:

  • Dual-site TMS improved 2-back WM accuracy in low-fatigue states.
  • Dual-site TMS impaired 2-back WM accuracy in high-fatigue states.
  • No significant effects were observed for the 0-back task or reaction time.

Conclusions:

  • Dual-site prefrontal TMS can bidirectionally modulate WM accuracy based on cognitive state.
  • Stimulation effects are state-dependent, emphasizing the need for personalized approaches.
  • Network-sensitive and state-aware neuromodulation is key for cognitive enhancement.