Developing a competency framework for artificial intelligence in undergraduate dental education

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are evolving rapidly and are increasingly being adopted across various domains, including dentistry. Therefore, the standardised integration of AI into the dental curriculum is crucial to cultivate students' knowledge, skills, attitudes, and awareness for effective engagement within an increasingly AI-driven educational and clinical ecosystem. To achieve these learning outcomes, a well-structured competency framework is required to outline the specific AI-related competencies expected of dental students. This article presents the development of such a competency framework, focusing on three key domains: i) AI fundamentals, ii) AI implementation, and iii) ethical and professional conduct in AI use. Particular emphasis is placed on the humane dimensions in AI integration, highlighting responsibility, accountability, and ethical considerations. The framework draws on the essential components of AI literacy promulgated by a dental school in Thailand and aligns with similar guidelines from other authoritative international sources. The examples of topic structures and approaches for integrating these competencies into the undergraduate curriculum are also discussed. Ultimately, this competency framework seeks to strengthen AI literacy and prepare a new generation of dental professionals to thrive in the emerging landscape of digital transformation and AI-driven education.