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Related Concept Videos

Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
13:13

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Published on: September 25, 2018

Severe Orofacial Manifestations in Monkeypox Infection.

Lilly Esquivel-Pedraza1, Silvia Méndez-Flores

  • 1Lilly Esquivel-Pedraza, DDS, PhD., Department of Dermatology, INCMNSZ,. Mexico City, Mexico. lillyep@hotmail.com.

Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This case highlights a severe Monkeypox virus infection in an HIV-positive individual, leading to rapid disease progression and death. Early diagnosis and management are crucial for severe Monkeypox cases, especially in immunocompromised patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
13:13

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Published on: September 25, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Dermatology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection can impair immune responses, potentially increasing susceptibility to opportunistic infections and severe disease progression.
  • Monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection typically presents with mucocutaneous lesions, fever, and lymphadenopathy, but can manifest with varying severity.
  • Co-infection with HIV and MPXV presents unique challenges in diagnosis and management due to overlapping symptoms and potential for exacerbated disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a rare case of severe, rapidly progressive Monkeypox virus infection in a patient with recently diagnosed HIV.
  • To describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and management of this complex co-infection.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering Monkeypox in the differential diagnosis of severe mucocutaneous conditions in immunocompromised individuals.

Main Methods:

  • A case study approach detailing the clinical course of a 30-year-old male with HIV and suspected Monkeypox.
  • Clinical examination, laboratory investigations (including CD4 count, HIV viral load, and MPXV PCR), and histopathological analysis of skin and mucosal biopsies.
  • Review of relevant literature on Monkeypox and HIV co-infection.

Main Results:

  • The patient presented with extensive mucocutaneous lesions, significant edema, and systemic symptoms consistent with severe Monkeypox.
  • Laboratory findings revealed advanced HIV with a low CD4 count and high viral load, alongside markers indicative of MPXV infection.
  • Despite prompt initiation of antiretroviral therapy, antibacterials, and antivirals, the patient experienced progressive organ dysfunction (kidney and pulmonary) and ultimately succumbed to the infection.

Conclusions:

  • This case underscores the potential for severe and rapidly fatal Monkeypox virus infection in individuals with uncontrolled HIV.
  • Aggressive management including antiretroviral therapy and supportive care is essential, but may not always prevent severe outcomes in immunocompromised hosts.
  • Heightened clinical suspicion for Monkeypox is warranted in patients with HIV presenting with severe mucocutaneous manifestations, necessitating prompt diagnostic confirmation and treatment.