Emerging Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Integrated Catalytic Systems in Organic Synthesis

Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis represent two frontiers and core areas of research in organic synthesis. Historically, these two catalytic regimes have developed along parallel, largely independent trajectories. Recognizing their inherent complementarity, particularly in terms of activity, selectivity, and recoverability, breaking down the barriers between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis to construct novel catalytic systems that integrate high activity, excellent selectivity, robust stability, and ease of recovery has long been a pursued goal in catalysis science. As an emerging strategy, homogeneous-heterogeneous integrated catalysis has opened new avenues for addressing this challenge. This review systematically summarizes cutting-edge advances in this field from four distinct strategic perspectives: (i) Mixed homogeneous-heterogeneous dual catalytic systems; (ii) Heterogeneous catalyst-promoted homogeneous catalytic systems; (iii) Homogeneous-heterogeneous bifunctional catalytic systems; and (iv) Switchable homogeneous-heterogeneous catalytic systems. By highlighting representative examples and mechanistic insights, this review also aims to provide new insights into the efficient transformation of challenging substrates and the construction of complex, high-value chiral compounds in organic synthesis.