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Modeling and improving blood flow dynamics for industrial applications using a variable property second grade
Essam Awwad1, K M Khalil2, A Soleiman2
1Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia. emawwad@ju.edu.sa.
Discover Nano
|June 29, 2026
Summary
This study numerically examines second-grade nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with variable properties. Findings reveal that increased viscosity, density variation, suction, and thermophoresis enhance heat and mass transfer while altering flow characteristics.
Area of Science:
- Fluid Dynamics
- Heat Transfer
- Nanotechnology
Background:
- Understanding fluid flow with variable thermophysical properties is crucial for engineering applications.
- Nanofluids offer enhanced thermal conductivity, making them vital for heat transfer.
- Second-grade fluids exhibit non-Newtonian behavior relevant in various industrial processes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To numerically investigate the steady, 2D flow of a second-grade nanofluid over a stretching sheet.
- To analyze the impact of temperature-dependent viscosity, density, and thermal conductivity.
- To explore the effects of convective boundary conditions and thermophoretic transport.
Main Methods:
- Governing nonlinear partial differential equations were transformed into ODEs using similarity variables.
- A fourth-order momentum equation was solved using an augmented boundary condition.
- The Runge-Kutta shooting technique was employed for computational solution.
Main Results:
- Heat transfer was found to be unidirectional from the sheet to the nanofluid.
- Increased viscosity, density variation, suction, and thermophoresis suppressed near-wall motion.
- Enhanced thermal and concentration distributions and modified skin-friction were observed.
Conclusions:
- The study provides insights into the behavior of second-grade nanofluids with variable properties.
- Numerical model validation confirmed good agreement with existing literature.
- Findings are significant for optimizing heat and mass transfer in nanofluid applications.
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