Phytohormone supplementation for omega-3 production in microalgae and its potential integration with wastewater...

Microalgae are promising sustainable sources of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, conventional stress-based strategies for increasing omega-3 accumulation often reduce biomass productivity and may compromise overall process efficiency. This review evaluates the use of exogenous phytohormones to modulate microalgal growth and omega-3 biosynthesis, with a focus on potential applications in culture engineering and bioprocess design, as well as in a wastewater-based production system for sustainable omega-3 manufacturing. Across reported studies, phytohormone responses are highly species-, dose-, and condition-dependent, with outcomes ranging from omega-3 enrichment with limited biomass penalties to neutral or inhibitory effects, and to hormetic dose-response behavior. Proposed mechanisms include modulation of carbon flux allocation, photosynthesis, redox balance, and lipid biosynthetic pathways, although these effects are not general across microalgae. Technical, economic, and regulatory considerations are discussed, and the integration of phytohormone supplementation with wastewater-based microalgal culture for omega-3 production is presented as a promising yet underexplored strategy that requires validation under scale-relevant conditions. Overall, phytohormones should be regarded as conditional metabolic modulators that require species-specific optimization rather than universal solutions for enhancing omega-3 levels.