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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
08:25

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

Age-Related Structural-Functional Discrepancy in Muscle Indicators Among Rural Korean Older Women.

Jaeyong Park1, Youngju Song1

  • 1Department of Fitness Rehabilitation, Sunmoon University, Asan, Republic of Korea, sunmoon.ac.kr.

Journal of Aging Research
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Functional muscle indicators, like the five-times sit-to-stand test, showed greater age-related decline than structural measures in rural older women. This highlights the importance of functional assessments for evaluating muscle health in aging populations.

Keywords:
agingfive-times sit-to-stand testmuscle functionrural womenskeletal muscle index

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
08:25

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
  • Muscle Physiology
  • Rural Health Studies

Background:

  • Age-related muscle mass and function loss impacts mobility and independence.
  • Structural and functional muscle indicators may not age uniformly.
  • Limited research exists on muscle health indicators in rural populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related differences in structural and functional muscle indicators in rural women.
  • To compare the magnitude of age-related changes between structural and functional muscle indicators.
  • To assess the utility of functional measures for age-stratified evaluation in rural settings.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 211 community-dwelling women aged 50-89 years in rural Asan, Korea.
  • Participants categorized into four age groups (50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89).
  • Assessed structural indicators (SMI, SMM, TC, CF) and functional indicators (HG strength, KE strength, 5xSTS test).

Main Results:

  • Functional indicators (handgrip, knee extensor strength) showed greater age-related decline than structural indicators.
  • The five-times sit-to-stand test (5xSTS) time significantly increased with age (7.0s in 50-59 group to 15.2s in 80-89 group).
  • Relative skeletal muscle index (SMI) decreased to 81.5%, while relative 5xSTS performance (reciprocal time) decreased to 46.0% of the reference group.

Conclusions:

  • Structural and functional muscle indicators exhibit distinct age-related patterns in rural women.
  • Functional assessments, particularly the 5xSTS test, reveal more pronounced age-related differences than structural measures.
  • Functional assessments are crucial alongside structural measures for evaluating muscle health across age groups in rural communities.