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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

A Lithium Superionic Conductor Softened by Nonmetal-Chlorine Chemical Bonds.

Hao-Yuan Tan1, Jin-Da Luo2, Limin Liu3

  • 1Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a flexible superionic conductor for all-solid-state lithium batteries by incorporating nonmetal-chlorine bonds. This innovation enables stable battery operation at low pressures, overcoming limitations of rigid inorganic conductors.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
05:33

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Published on: August 12, 2013

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) promise higher energy density and safety than liquid-electrolyte batteries.
  • Rigid inorganic superionic conductors require high pressures (>50 MPa) for effective solid-solid contact, hindering practical ASSLB applications.
  • Developing deformable solid electrolytes is crucial for low-pressure ASSLB operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a novel, flexible inorganic superionic conductor for ASSLBs.
  • To investigate the effect of nonmetal-chlorine chemical bonds on conductor flexibility and ionic conductivity.
  • To demonstrate the performance of the new conductor in ASSLBs under low stack pressures.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of nonmetal-chlorine chemical bonds (e.g., P-Cl, Si-Cl) into the conductive framework to enhance deformability.
  • Liquid SiCl4 activation method to introduce these bonds into a lithium superionic conductor.
  • Characterization of the material's ionic conductivity, Young's modulus, and electrochemical stability.
  • Testing ASSLB performance with an ultrahigh-nickel cathode under low stack pressure (5 MPa).

Main Results:

  • A soft superionic conductor, Li3P0.58Si1.25Zr1.78Cl10.86O3.58, was synthesized with a low Young's modulus (2.09 GPa).
  • The material exhibits high room-temperature Li+ conductivity (4.55 mS cm-1).
  • ASSLBs demonstrated stable cycling (>3000 cycles) with an ultrahigh-nickel cathode at 3 mA cm-2 and maintained performance for 300 cycles at 5 MPa stack pressure without capacity decay.

Conclusions:

  • Nonmetal-chlorine chemical bonds effectively enhance the deformability of inorganic superionic conductors.
  • The developed soft superionic conductor enables stable ASSLB operation under significantly reduced stack pressures.
  • This chemical-bond-tuning strategy offers a versatile approach for designing deformable solid electrolytes for practical, low-pressure ASSLBs.