Recent Advances in Graphene and Its Derivatives for Electrochemical Sensing of Small Molecules: Turn the Page

The precise determination of small-molecule biomarkers/metabolites, which act as biomarkers in clinical prognostic applications, is of considerable importance for the accurate screening, monitoring, and diagnosis of metabolic disorders including cancer, diabetes, and Parkinson's diseases. Electrochemical sensors play significant roles in laboratory analysis, clinical analysis, and real-time monitoring of biomolecules for point-of-care applications. Graphene-based nanomaterials have recently emerged as a promising domain in the science and technology, with ongoing and expanding academic and technological momentum due to their substantial specific surface area, remarkable mechanical flexibility, chemical stability, and enhanced electrical and thermal conductivities. This review examines the many synthesis routes and the applications of graphene-based nanoarchitectures in electrochemical sensing platforms for the detection of small molecules. The developing functionalities of nanomaterials provide novel possibilities to improve the performance of electrochemical sensors. The main focus of this review is to outline the recent progresses in interfacial engineering of graphene-based nanocomposites with metal oxides/hydroxides, polymers, and noble metals as robust and tunable electrochemical sensing systems. Herein, we summarize topical advancement in electrochemical sensing of H₂O₂, glucose, dopamine, and H₂S with graphene and its hybrid nanoarchitectures.