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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

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The nitrogen cycle is a complex biogeochemical process critical to maintaining the balance of nitrogenous compounds in ecosystems. This cycle involves multiple microbial-mediated transformations through which nitrogen changes oxidation states, supporting essential ecological functions and contributing to plant and microbial growth.Nitrogen Fixation and AmmonificationNitrogen fixation initiates the cycle by converting inert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into bioavailable ammonia (NH₃), a process...
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Optimizing growth media enhances microbial proliferation and maximizes product yield. Statistical experimental design methodologies provide structured and reproducible approaches, offering progressively higher levels of robustness and efficiency.The One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) MethodThe One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) method involves adjusting a single variable while keeping all others constant. However, it cannot detect interactions between variables, often leading to suboptimal outcomes when...

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Updated: Jul 1, 2026

A Novel Bioreactor for High Density Cultivation of Diverse Microbial Communities
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Published on: December 25, 2015

5P-CoBOx Multisite Synergistic Effects Promote Efficient Nitrate-To-Ammonia in Neutral Media.

Jie Liu1, Yuanzhe Gao1, Fanghua Ning1

  • 1Institute for Sustainable Energy, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.

Chemsuschem
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphorus-doped cobalt borate (CoBOx) electrocatalysts show high efficiency for nitrate electroreduction reaction (NO3RR) to ammonia (NH3) in neutral conditions. This breakthrough offers a promising route for ammonia production and wastewater treatment.

Keywords:
active hydrogenammoniamultisite synergistic effectsnitrate electroreduction reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Chemistry

Background:

  • Nitrate electroreduction reaction (NO3RR) to ammonia (NH3) is a key process for sustainable ammonia production and wastewater remediation.
  • Challenges in NO3RR include complex multi-step proton-electron transfer and difficulty in optimizing intermediate adsorption.
  • Developing efficient electrocatalysts is crucial for overcoming these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel electrocatalysts for efficient NO3RR in neutral media.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of phosphorus doping in cobalt borate (CoBOx) electrocatalysts.
  • To understand the mechanism behind enhanced NO3RR activity.

Main Methods:

  • Wet-chemical reduction synthesis of P-doped CoBOx electrocatalysts.
  • Electrochemical characterization including cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.
  • Analysis of ammonia yield rate and Faraday efficiency.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized 5P-CoBOx exhibited superior NO3RR activity compared to undoped CoBOx and P-Co3O4.
  • Achieved an impressive NH3 yield rate of 4.18 mg h-1 cm-2 and 96.87% Faraday efficiency at -0.65 V vs RHE.
  • Demonstrated synergistic catalysis involving Co, B, and P sites, enhancing nitrate adsorption and selective NH3 formation.

Conclusions:

  • P-doped CoBOx electrocatalysts are highly effective for NO3RR in neutral media.
  • Synergistic effects between Co, B, and P sites are key to the enhanced catalytic performance.
  • This work presents a new strategy for designing advanced multisite electrocatalysts.