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Betacyanins from amazon-cultivated red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peels: Extraction process effects on
Ingryd Rodrigues Martins1, João Paulo de Melo Lins2, Luiza Helena da Silva Martins3
1Graduate Program of Rural Development and Management Agrifood (PPDRGEA), Instituto de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA), 68740-970 Castanhal, PA, Brazil.
Abstract:
This study investigates Amazonian pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peels using shaker (SEPP) and ultrasound (UEPP) extraction combined with digestion, cost analysis, and sustainability parameters. Solid-liquid ratio and extraction time had their effects on total betacyanins (TB) evaluated by a full factorial design and response surface methodology. Major components of the optimized extracts included phyllocactin (SEPP: 69.85 mg/100 g; UEPP: 42.82 mg/100 g) and betanin (SEPP: 13.52 mg/100 g; UEPP: 3.49 mg/100 g). UAE yielded higher total phenolic compound content (406.28 mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant capacities (DPPH•: 13.62 μmol TE/g; ABTS•+: 1666.7 μmol TE/g; FRAP•: 199.63 μmol Fe2+/g) than SEPP. Both methods are efficient for industrial-scale estimates. While SEPP presented higher simulated gastrointestinal digestion bioaccessibility than UEPP for TB in gastric (30.88%) and intestinal (11.81%) fractions and thus lower costs, UEPP shows better preservation of other bioactive compounds and lower environmental impact based on sustainable parameters.
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