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Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes
05:12

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Published on: May 20, 2011

Tuna-like swimmers experience a fluid-mediated stable side-by-side formation.

Pedro Costa Ormonde1,2, Matthew J Stasolla1, Alec Menzer3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, United States of America.

Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Bio-robotic tuna swimmers spontaneously form stable side-by-side schools. A "channeling effect" creates low pressure, ensuring stability and minimal impact on swimming efficiency for robotic and natural fish schools.

Keywords:
bio-inspired propulsionbio-robotic fishfish schooling

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Published on: August 24, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Robotics
  • Biomimetics

Background:

  • Fish schooling behavior is crucial for survival and energy conservation.
  • Understanding the hydrodynamic principles behind schooling can inform robotic design.
  • Previous studies on schooling foils showed sensitivity to phase synchronization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spontaneous formation and stability of side-by-side schooling in bio-robotic swimmers.
  • To identify the fluid dynamics mechanisms responsible for stable schooling formations.
  • To explore the potential application of these findings to biological fish schools.

Main Methods:

  • Free-swimming experiments with 3D bio-robotic swimmers mimicking Yellowfin tuna.
  • Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyze flow patterns.
  • Analysis of hydrodynamic forces and stability of schooling formations.

Main Results:

  • Bio-robotic tuna swimmers spontaneously converged into a stable side-by-side schooling formation.
  • A "channeling effect" due to flow constriction between closely spaced swimmers accelerated flow and created a low-pressure zone.
  • This low-pressure zone generated a restorative force, ensuring hydrodynamic stability independent of phase synchronization.

Conclusions:

  • The channeling effect provides a robust mechanism for stable schooling in bio-robotic swimmers, with minimal impact on swimming speed and energy cost.
  • This mechanism may be relevant to the schooling behavior observed in natural tuna populations.
  • Bio-robotic schools could potentially maintain formation with reduced active control, inspired by this hydrodynamic principle.