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Imaging Biological Samples with Optical Microscopy

Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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How light and aggregate size shape oxygen profiles in photogranules.

Hicham Ouazaite1, Elie Desmond-Le Quéméner1, Jérôme Hamelin1

  • 1INRAE, Univ Montpellier, LBE, 102 Avenue des Etangs, 11100 Narbonne, France.

Bioresource Technology
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Light intensity and photogranule size control oxygen gradients, influencing microbial respiration and oxygen production. Optimizing these factors can enhance wastewater treatment efficiency by supporting both aerobic and anaerobic processes within granules.

Keywords:
1D modelMicroalgaeMicroalgae-bacterial aggregateMicrosensorOxygen profilesPhototrophic biofilm

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Biogeochemistry
  • Wastewater Engineering

Background:

  • The redox structure of photogranules is crucial for wastewater treatment, balancing oxygen production and microbial respiration.
  • Spatial coupling of these processes is poorly understood, limiting optimization of photogranule bioreactors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how light intensity, organic carbon supply, and granule size affect oxygen gradients within photogranules.
  • To quantify the spatial distribution of oxygen production and consumption in relation to granule characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Oxygen microprofiles were measured in photogranules of varying sizes under different light intensities and acetate concentrations.
  • Light penetration was quantified, and a one-dimensional reaction-diffusion model was used to estimate oxygen dynamics.
  • Granules from acetate- and methane-fed bioreactors were analyzed to assess legacy effects.

Main Results:

  • Light penetration was limited to <700 µm, independent of granule size.
  • Anoxic cores formed in granules at low light (<50 µmol PAR·m⁻²·s⁻¹) and moderate acetate (30 mg COD·L⁻¹).
  • Model simulations indicated oxygen production at the surface and deeper heterotrophic respiration, with significant differences based on prior cultivation.

Conclusions:

  • Light intensity and granule size are key parameters for controlling redox zonation in photogranules.
  • Managing illumination and granule size distribution can enable concurrent aerobic and anaerobic processes.
  • This approach can enhance the efficiency and functional flexibility of wastewater treatment systems.